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Why are Swedish meatballs so much smaller than their American counterparts?
This topic has been knocking around the blogosphere as of late:
I am a longtime reader of MR and there is a question I have been wondering about for a long time. I was hoping you could share your thoughts on meatball heterogeneity. My girlfriend made dinner for me and the entree was Swedish meatballs. I never knew how small their meatballs are. It seems inefficient to roll all that meat into such tiny balls. Wouldn’t it make more sense to roll them into big balls like we do in the US?
First, history + hysteresis play a role. According to Mathistorisk Uppslagsbok by Jan-Ojvind Swahn, the Swedish concept of meatball first appeared in Cajsa Warg's 1754 cookbook. Yet as late as the early 20th century, beef was still a luxury in Swedish culture, whereas meat was plentiful in the United States. America had greater access to game in the more moderate climate and also greater grass resources for supporting cows. The Swedes were also late in benefiting from the refrigerated transport revolution, which started elsewhere in the 1920s and brought more meat to many households. (This tardiness was due to the concentration of population in a small number of cities, combined with rail isolation from Europe.) The end result was smaller meatballs, a tradition which has persisted to this day.
On the plane of pure theory, standing behind the lock-in effect is the Ricardian (or should I say Solowian? Solow is the modern Ricardian when you think through the underlying asymmetries in his model, which ultimately make "capital" non-productive at some margin) fixed factor explanation. A Swedish meatball recipe usually involves much more dairy than a non-Swedish meatball recipe. Constant returns to scale do not in general hold for recipes, much less for loosely packed spherical items involving fluids.
Oddly, the extant literature does not seem to have considered these factors.
From the comments: Lennart writes: "Swedish meatballs, having loads of surface that are fried crispy, are much better than other forms of meatballs for that reason alone. Norwegians and Danish have big meatballs, but that's because they are boiled, so there is no crispy-fried surface to maximize (and hence nowhere near as good)."
Posted by Tyler Cowen on November 2, 2009 at 07:05 AM in Food and Drink | Permalink
Comments
The meatball also plays a role as a vehicle for the sauce. If IKEA can be used as a representative experience, Swedish meatballs come with quite a bit of gravy or sauce. The smaller meatball has higher surface/volume ratio, hence more sauce can be carried with them.
A good correlational study would be to see whether regions with thicker, more viscous gravies have bigger meatballs than regions with more liquid or more "runny" gravies. Causation would require further studies.
Posted by: londenio at Nov 2, 2009 7:45:36 AM
Very Funny!
Posted by: chris at Nov 2, 2009 7:48:27 AM
Small meatballs have always been concidered a finer product than their larger relatives, basically because they're more laborsome to make. The same goes for bread rolls, etc.
I'm from Sweden, so perhaps that adds some value to the discussion.
Posted by: Robert at Nov 2, 2009 7:56:15 AM
Because Muppets' hands are small.
Posted by: josh at Nov 2, 2009 8:19:16 AM
Beef being a luxury -> Small meatballs doesn't compute for me. Fewer meatballs would work as well.
Swedish meatballs, having loads of surface that are fried crispy, are much better than other forms of meatballs for that reason alone. Norwegians and Danish have big meatballs, but that's because they are boiled, so there is no crispy-fried surface to maximize (and hence nowhere near as good).
My guess is rather more time available to make them, so that the time cutting device of big meatballs isn't introduced, instead they are painstakingly made small and fried in a pan.
Posted by: Lennart Regebro (Swedish) at Nov 2, 2009 8:23:08 AM
What's with the "much more dairy" comment? Swedish meatbealls have very little dairy in them, if any. Egg, breadcrumbs and a little liquid (which can be milk but may equally well be water), and sometimes boiled potatoes are the typical non-meat ingredients. Meat is at least 80%, though, and frequently more. The additives are there to make the meatballs as spherical as possible, for better frying, not primarily to dilute the meat.
Also, FWIW, they are frequently made of mixed minced meat, meaning both pork and beef.
Posted by: Joe Torben at Nov 2, 2009 8:32:23 AM
True Italian meatballs are also smaller than American-Italian meatballs.
Posted by: Mario Rizzo at Nov 2, 2009 8:36:14 AM
The clue is the ratio of crispy surface to weight. It makes them yummy. That's also why Norwegian and Danish meatballs aren't balls, but (directly translated) meat cookies, ie. flat (although not as flat as a hamburger -- that would make it too dry).
It's also really hard to cook a spherical meatball of larger size than the Swedish standard without producing a charcoal vrust.
Posted by: Sigve Indregard at Nov 2, 2009 8:54:57 AM
@Lennart: Huh? Where do I collect my boiled, large meatballs? I'm Norwegian, and I have never seen such an abomination.
Posted by: Sigve Indregard at Nov 2, 2009 8:56:50 AM
Here's one recipe (of many) with dairy:
http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/swedish-meatballs-recipe/index.html
Posted by: Tyler Cowen at Nov 2, 2009 8:59:51 AM
Well, I'm still wondering about # 14:
Will someone please tell me what Paul is saying at the end of "Rocky Raccoon?"
Posted by: anon at Nov 2, 2009 9:02:39 AM
Smaller meatballs require less of the expensive cooking oil to deep fry to a crisp.
Posted by: conrad at Nov 2, 2009 9:05:08 AM
This post is very endearing.
Really.
Tyler and Alex, thank you for making my world a better place.
Posted by: anon at Nov 2, 2009 9:09:29 AM
Being Danish I've had my share of Danish meatballs and I've never had them boiled. They may be larger and flatter than their Swedish counterpart, but they are still fried on a pan.
Usually they are eaten with boiled potatos and vegetables, and with a typical brown gravy. I've had them with pasta too, but I don't think that is very common.
In a often-seen Danish curry dish you might find boiled meatballs though. They are made from pork, or maybe part pork/beef. They are also spherical.
Posted by: Mark Gray at Nov 2, 2009 9:35:40 AM
And the Ignobel prize goes to.. the people behind this groundbreaking research
Posted by: k at Nov 2, 2009 9:39:25 AM
For a weak moment, i read the topic as
"Why are Swedish balls so much smaller than their American counterparts?"
Ofc, i still think that is true.
Posted by: Peter BP at Nov 2, 2009 9:58:40 AM
Any research should take into account the much smaller meatballs used in Italian Wedding Soup.
Posted by: Rafe Colburn at Nov 2, 2009 10:12:25 AM
What is the smallest meatball in the world?
Posted by: londenio at Nov 2, 2009 10:56:41 AM
I echo the "endearing" comment. Bravo!
MR has helped change the way I think about all sorts of things.
And done it with humour, as in this post.
Posted by: David at Nov 2, 2009 11:00:05 AM
do other scandinavian foods have relatively large surface areas?
Posted by: babar at Nov 2, 2009 11:09:54 AM
Danish meatballs are fried, not boiled.
Posted by: H at Nov 2, 2009 12:15:54 PM
actually, the famous Swedish meatballs are small, but they also have Wallenbergare, which is a big meatball - on the other hand, not as famous.
Posted by: lb at Nov 2, 2009 12:41:26 PM
The boiled Danish meatballs are called "frikadeller". I'm sure the Danish commenters above have all eaten them, but I don't think they think they are "meatballs", hence the confusion.
Posted by: Joe Torben at Nov 2, 2009 12:53:20 PM
I buy into the higher surface area to volume ratio argument -- it's all about the Swedish gravy really. Especially if you get to mix it with lingonberries.
By contrast, I think the meatball itself is the main event (at least in some American versions)of the italian meatball.
Posted by: Michael F. Martin at Nov 2, 2009 1:14:47 PM
In addition to the larger surface to voume ratio, the smaller meat balls make it easier to cook them more evenly.
Posted by: Vasantha at Nov 2, 2009 7:02:49 PM