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Justin Wolfers wants to know

And can you think of a better reason than that?

There is currently some very unusual activity going on in the election markets at InTrade: Over the past two weeks, there appears to have been a concerted effort to bid up the price of the contract tied to Hillary winning the Presidency, and on the back of essentially no news, the price climbed from about 25, up to 40, and now is at about 35.  My usual coauthor, Eric Zitzewitz, suggested that this looks a lot like manipulation, and the best evidence of this (apart from the absence of any news) is that over the same period, the odds on Hillary winning the Democratic nomination are essentially unchanged at 50.  It just can’t make any sense to buy PRES.CLINTON at 40, when 2008DEM.NOM.CLINTON is at 50. 

All told though, this manipulator has been surprisingly successful.  And this is where our experiment comes in. I wonder whether the manipulator will be just as successful when a broader audience becomes aware of this possibility?  We tried a first experiment a week ago – Eric mentioned this anomaly while at a prediction markets conference in Palm Desert (Robin was with us).  In turn, this led to a bit of pressure on the price, but the manipulator held firm.  We were wondering whether a simple post on Marginal Revolution (tipped off by a loyal reader) pointing to this mis-pricing might lead to further price pressure?  As such, if you were to blog on the mis-pricing, that would serve a second purpose, of giving us truly experimental variation in public attention.  And all of this holds the promise of learning a bit more about manipulation in prediction markets.

OK people, trade away!

Addendum: Here is Eric Zitzewitz, over at Chris Masse, on same.  And Koleman Strumpf says no manipulation.

Posted by Tyler Cowen on May 30, 2007 at 03:36 PM in Economics | Permalink

Comments

Greg Mankiw has blogged on this before. It appears that transaction costs and contract technicalities make arbitrage impossible, since there is a non-trivial chance that the initial Democrat nominee will step down.

Posted by: guest at May 30, 2007 4:03:10 PM

As I mentioned at the conference (http://palmdesert.ucr.edu/conferences/economica2007/economica2007program.pdf), it would great see more experimental evidence on this phenomenon

Posted by: donald siegel at May 30, 2007 4:05:25 PM

Maybe, but it could also reflect the markets saying that the probability of any likely democratic candidate winning are improving. The news that would change this probability is the continued poor performance of all the likely republican candidates.

What is happening to the contract for the other democratic candidates? If they are also improving like the Hillary contract it would tend to support my thesis.

Posted by: spencer at May 30, 2007 4:21:42 PM

Maybe, but it could also reflect the markets saying that the probability of any likely democratic candidate winning are improving.

As Mankiw points out, there is a theoretical arbitrage opportunity between the contract for a generic Democrat win and the winning-individual contracts. (See above link for a detailed discussion)

Posted by: guest at May 30, 2007 4:30:04 PM

What possible incentive exists to manipulate the price of such a contract?

I can think of none.

Posted by: Butter at May 30, 2007 4:39:13 PM

Butter: Manipulating the price in this way makes Hillary look very likely to win the presidency conditional on her being nominated. In a perfect market you would expect speculators to keep conditional relationships consistent, but the technicalities of Intrade prevent this.

Posted by: guest at May 30, 2007 4:47:01 PM

The truth is, polls are very very important. They are what the moderately informed use to gauge their position among others. Say you know you are more conservative than "most" people. You can use this information along with another internal gauge of the candidate's positions along a liberal-conservative line to re-assess if you are supporting the right candidate. This is actually a pretty good model of what people do subconsciously.

I had a colleague who went to Russia to help advise the new republics on their democratic processes. Rival candidates were publishing wildly varying polls suggesting support for themselves, in an attempt to sway the populace in this way. It was solved not by outlawing the publication of false polls (a tricky thing to determine), but by banning the publication of *any* poll in the last week or so before the election.

If the contract is being manipulated, it is so that Joe Reporter, when he decides to write a balanced article on the runners in the field, will either give out misleading data or weight his treatment inappropriately.

It would be interesting to know how much money has actually been risked (given a... 1/3 chance of primary selection). Then again, there is always the chance that someone has decided to stake money on an independent piece of information--isn't that what the market is supposed to be all about?

Posted by: Chi at May 30, 2007 4:55:30 PM

Sorry that I'm just stupid today...

Remind me why the probability of Hillary being the Democratic nominee can't be greater than the probability of Hillary winning the presidency?

Posted by: Person at May 30, 2007 5:25:55 PM

First, a lot of liquidity is being artificially blocked from Intrade because of the legality situation. I for one maintain only "beer money" there because of this.

Second, right now it looks like you could sell PRES(Clinton|Obama|Edwards|Gore) for 62.3 and buy PRES(Dem) for 57. I would guess the required margin on this would be 37.7 (worst case scenario for the individual basket sale) + 57 (worst case scenario for PRES(Dem)), so even before transaction fees, you are looking at a 5.3 gain on 94.7 total margin over one year out?? That could just be a result of discounting. You can make 5% risk-free in that time.

Posted by: Jason Ruspini at May 30, 2007 5:26:51 PM

Other really stupid question: who exactly is lending the bets that would allow you to short-sell?

And who's making the margin loans for this?

Posted by: Person at May 30, 2007 5:33:30 PM

Plenty of this going on in Tradesport, as people note due to transaction cost
(and cost of capital).

A few examples:

I noticed a week or so ago that the combined chance of Hillary or Obama becoming President was almost as high as the chance of ANY Democrat becoming president. Non of those two will run as an independent, so this is just mispricing.

As I am writing this Gore has a 10,4% or so chance of winning the nomination, and a 8% chance of winning the presidency.

Really? Does the market really believe Gore has an 80% chance of winning if he becomes the nominee? Given that other similar candidates (say Edwards) have about 50%?

Don’t ignore the cost of capital here. I would go and trade if the election was tomorrow. But if you want to put enough money to make it worth the effort you have to bind up cash for a long time (assuming the market does not immediately adjust, which it does not seem to do).

Ps.

I am not convinced the Hillary President stuff is manipulation, since many other candidates have these dichotomy between winning and becoming President. However it should be clear to anyone that the Ron Paul 2-3% odds of becoming the nominee is a free lunch, due to his cyber-army. This is higher than the *combined* odds of other GOP outsiders (Brownback, Hunter, Tancredo, Gilmore, F. Thomson), for a candidate that get 0% in the polls of likely GOP voters….

Posted by: Tino at May 30, 2007 5:43:46 PM

Right now the odds

1. Hillary+Obama President 55% (Right now ca 52%)
2. Any Dem president 55% (Right now ca 56%)

3. Hillary+Obama Dem nominee 80%


Assume for simplicity 1 and two have exactly the same price. Now sell short 1, buy 2.
What could happen:


3 and 1. (you are covered)
3 and not 1. (you are covered)
“Not 3” and 1 is impossible, given “Not 3 Not 1 is certain”

“Not 3” and “not 2” (you are covered)
“Not 3” and 2. (you win)


More fun:

Right now Hillary+Obama+Gore have a combined 60% probability of becoming President, wheras Any Democrat has 56%.

Which one is going to run and win as a independent or Republican, according to Tradesport?

Posted by: Tino at May 30, 2007 6:01:41 PM

Real world examples keep hurting Robin's theories. If we can't get a liquid market for something with as wide appeal as this, how do we expect to be able to use markets to do stuff like decide who should be CEO of a company, etc.?

Posted by: Paul N at May 30, 2007 8:52:56 PM

"how do we expect to be able to use markets to do stuff like decide who should be CEO of a company, etc"

There are real gains to be made from that. Tradesport is a negative sum game, that people play either for:

Fun,
Hedging (money or utillity),
Overconfidence.

It works pretty well, despite the transaction costs, in the larger questions. Predicted both 2004 and 2006 elections with high accuracy.

Posted by: Tino at May 31, 2007 1:16:10 AM

so wolfers is manipulating his "experiment"?

doesn't sounds scientifically sound to me...

Posted by: doe at May 31, 2007 3:31:22 AM

Is there manipulation in the Hillary Clinton Intrade market? - by Koleman Strumpf
http://www.midasoracle.org/2007/05/31/is-there-manipulation-in-the-hillary-clinton-intrade-market/

Posted by: Chris Masse at May 31, 2007 4:07:59 AM

As with any market, if you think the conditional probabilities are off then trade against it. you think gore at 80% prez conditional on winning dem nom? then sell gore prez and buy gore dem nom. Same thing for the Hillary contract

I for one think 80% might be right. It implies that he's coming with a full head of steam on the environment issue and has saved boatloads of cash by not spending against hillary and obama early.

In any case, I'm not sure why it would be called "manipulation." Even if one buyer was out lifting all the Hillary prex contracts he could, it's just taking a market position, right? Well, unless a Hillary donor has put aside a couple million bucks to bid up the price, making the prediction market polling look favorable -- but in that case they would be wise to buy across the board for prez and for the nomination.

Posted by: Nate at May 31, 2007 8:32:01 AM

I agree with Nate about Gore. Gore's conditional probability on Intrade got discussed on the liverjournals of some poker players recently, and there were two key problems with this "arbitrage". The first is as Nate says: Gore isn't in the race now, and he is very unlikely to enter it at all unless he looks strong to win and other democrats look weak. That means you have some powerful restricted choice going on (Monty Hall style problem), and his conditional probability could easily be quite high. Secondly, the blow-up scenario where Gore runs as an independent and wins the election is non-trivial. Gore is much more likely to do this than the other democrats who would be serious contenders to win the presidency because he hasn't yet declared. If Obama, Clinton or Edwards were to run as an independent, it would almost certainly be because they lost, or were expected to lose the Dem nomination. The likelihood of winning the presidency at that point would be quite small. OTOH, if Gore declares at all (unlikely), it will be because he sees a lot of strength in his own candidacy and a decided weakness in all the Democratic alternatives. If that happens late in the game, that could mean he runs as an Indy, and would be a fairly strong Indy candidate. Almost all third party candidates that have ever won major office have fit his profile (splitting from a major party with a strong base of support).

I considered the Gore arb a month ago when his conditional probability was above 85%, and rejected it primarily for this reason. After allowing for transaction costs and margin maintenance, if Gore was even 1 in 500 to run as an independent and win, that wiped out all the expected profit if his true conditional probability was around 60-65% (equivalent to Obama and Edwards's markets at the time). Even though I thought 1 in 500 was not quite long enough odds for the blowup, the potential profit was too thin for my taste given my uncertainty on the conditional probability.

I did not even consider jck's blowup scenario (at Mankiw's site) which is probably almost as likely as Gore winning as an independent.

All told, this arbitrage looks like it's really a small EV "risk arbitrage" (insuring against an unlikely big risk and getting paid slightly more than it "should" be worth) at best and a martingale profile (a losing EV bet where most of the time you win a small amount) at worst.

If transaction costs were not so large in this market, one or more of these arbitrages would surely be real, but they'd also vanish within minutes of being freely published online at a popular site like this.

Posted by: Michael Sullivan at May 31, 2007 1:04:09 PM

There's a simpler arbitrage possibility. This morning when I was placing sell orders on 2008.PRES.CLINTON(H) and 2008.PRES.GORE, I noticed that the bid prices for the top eight contenders added up to 110.6%.
It's not unusual for Intrade probabilities to add up to slightly more than 100% (probably due to their interface making selling look like unnatural or risky short-selling), but the size of the arbitrage opportunity seems unusually large.

Posted by: Peter McCluskey at May 31, 2007 6:09:56 PM

110% is unusually large but still within the transaction costs -- i.e. no profitable arbitrage exists. It does suggest a significant mispricing though.

The problem is that InTrade is trying to make money and is making it off of people who would normally do sports betting where spreads/juice are very large. The grey nature of InTrade's legality doesn't help.

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