« Funes the Memorius | Main | The World Cup »

Cultural imperialism?

My column from today offers my latest thoughts on globalization and culture, drawing on the very interesting work of Omar Lizardo, a sociologist at Notre Dame.  We are often interested in culture for its symbolic value, and its ability to signal where we stand in local hierarchies.  The more egalitarian a society, the less important this signaling function becomes.  Here is one bit:

Hollywood movies are popular in Europe in part because of the successes of European welfare states and of European economic integration.  Western Europe has become more equal in its treatment of citizens, it has moved away from an aristocratic class society, and it has strong global connections.  All those factors favor an interest in American and global popular culture; Hollywood movies often capture 70 percent or more of a typical European cinematic market.  Social democracy, which the Europeans often hold up in opposition to the American model, in fact aided this cultural invasion by making Europe more egalitarian.

Here is Omar's home page.  Here is Omar's essay which I drew upon.  Here is one further bit:

...the data supplied by Professor Lizardo show that the poorer a country, the more likely it will buy and listen to its own domestic music.  This makes sense given that music is a form of social networking and the relevant networks are primarily local.

Posted by Tyler Cowen on February 22, 2007 at 07:23 AM in The Arts | Permalink

Comments

...the data supplied by Professor Lizardo show that the poorer a country, the more likely it will buy and listen to its own domestic music. This makes sense given that music is a form of social networking and the relevant networks are primarily local

I haven't read the paper yet but I don't think it is just economics. I grew up in Bangladesh and Bollywood music/film has a big market there. The local music industry in certain way grew using that industry (pirated bollywood music) and also
finding alternative to that (rock bands, folk fusion).

People will likely to buy its own domestic music if they are exciting and innovative. In Bangladesh, you can get pirated copy of any foreign music sometime cheaper than local music.

Posted by: Sharif at Feb 22, 2007 10:16:48 AM

correct me if i'm wrong, but isn't it obvious that people from impoverished countries would consume more local music than American music?
i mean, it's like saying that people from impoverished countries prefer to eat locally grown foods.
(that statistic is going to be dominated by the fact that they can't afford anything else. It really doesn't say anything about the consumer's valuation of an imported Prime Rib versus a local fistful of greens.)

Posted by: leo at Feb 22, 2007 10:33:13 AM

Of course the big exception to the music example is the US, which buys and listens to only a tiny sample of foreign music (and much that is of foreign origin has been heavily 'Americanized'.) It's nearly impossible to find a radio station that plays even half non-american music here (discounting Spanish only stations, perhaps) but in Russia the majority of the pop and rock stations play less than half, I'd guess, Russian songs.

Posted by: Matt at Feb 22, 2007 10:35:32 AM

Has anyone looked at the export of culture that is forward-looking instead of cultural history or present day issues? It seems to me that the one big difference between American cultural exports and those of most other countries is that American exports have a large component of "what might the future be like and what might it hold". We export lots of visions of the future, whether it be Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth", concepts like Web 2.0, or Sci-Fi like Star Wars.

The only other country I can see doing something similar is Japan. They export quite a bit of culture based mostly around robots. I heard some parts of the Matrix were influenced by Japanese manga. The Transformers, Speed Racer, and Voltron are all being made into movies. The Cartoon Network has their "Adult Swim" section which shows off various translated anime. This is all in addition to their push to make electronics part of everyday life, from tiny cell phones to the Sony Walkman.

I have a hard time thinking of another country where such future vision is exported as culture. Latin America, China, and Europe mostly export their cultural heritage. Other countries can't even get that much. This isn't to say these countries don't have visions of the future; however, if they do they don't show up in their cultural exports.

The ability for a culture to export it's visions of the future seems to me to be the biggest difference in the cultural impact.

Posted by: kdp at Feb 22, 2007 10:44:42 AM

"Hollywood movies are popular in Europe in part because of the successes of European welfare states and of European economic integration. Western Europe has become more equal in its treatment of citizens, it has moved away from an aristocratic class society, and it has strong global connections."
What about language? High school students in Europe, especially in the Scandinavian and Low Countries, are taught English from a very early age, making them very susceptible to English language culture. But in a country like France, which is a very egalitarian society, English language culture is frowned upon (seen for example in the laws making manatory radio broadcasts in French).

Posted by: kurt at Feb 22, 2007 12:25:26 PM

I have to say I found this article surprising. Having lived in a poor country (Paraguay) for twelve of the last twenty-five years, I had naively believed that the sales and popularity of local music compared to US produced music might possibly be because legitimate CDs by US bands sell for about $10-$15, but CDs by local bands sell for about $2 (pirated CDs of US bands are available too, but are often of very poor quality). I also thought that US films might do very well in Europe because European countries subsidize filmaking, thereby creating firms that do not need to, or even try to, refer to popular tastes in their decision-making. I had also thought that the fact that people in Europe have more money than people in poor countries might have made Hollywood's products more accesible to European audiences compared to audiences in countries with much lower average incomes. I also thought that US films might be more enjoyable to audiences that speak English, as so many Europeans do (since WWII), as compared to the experience available in countries where a much smaller number of people have acheived conversational levels of English (films in which one is completely dependant on subtitles, and films which are dubbed, being less enjoyable)
Professor, next time you are going to write an article about decisions made by people in poor countries, go there and try to live on $80 a month for a few years.

Posted by: Michael Burns at Feb 22, 2007 12:58:26 PM

I have rarely ever read a more intellectually primitive analysis of cultural consumption. Of course, one does not expect anything better from the Pravda of New York but one does expect better from a teacher/professor.

Why would an average Indian want to see pasty white faces when he/she goes to the movies? As an Indian I don't see any of my friends and their kids finding the typical themes in Hollywood movies particularly interesting.

As for music, the less said the better. There is a continuity in music and performing arts in cultures such as India which is bound to transcend phenomena like the introduction of new media like the film or the CD. People adopt the media wholeheartedly not the content. It's like saying that since America started Internet, everyone everywhere must be interacting and emailing in English. Surprise surprise.

The ultimate object of a cultural product is to entertain (not to enable networking with your social peers or if you are upwardly mobile , with your 'superiors'). American movie and music can not entertain because they can't be placed in the continuum of the performing arts.

Your article on the other hand seems to think if a product is priced right and the distribution channels are right, the product ought to sell. Well if they are selling in Sweden, how come they're not selling in India? Enter the strawman - hierarchical societies vs so called democratic societies.

The myopia of such analysis is staggering and all I can recall in recent times is something like 'Iraqi people will welcome American soldiers with flowers' 'we are ushering in democracy' etc . I reluctantly introduce this political parallel because of the scale of ignorance, hypocrisy etc..

Perhaps Prof Cowen should take sabbatical leave and go do some field work.

Posted by: Lakshmi Srinivas at Feb 22, 2007 3:13:35 PM

Ms. Srinivas,
Isn't it superficial to assume that it is the pasty white faces that form the core of the exports? I would view the model of film-making as the export. Culture is the medium, not the mediator. As someone who grew up in India, I do see an increased uptake of western ideas in cinema, fast-food, courtship, weekend entertainment, and most other cultural signifiers I can think of.

Posted by: zai at Feb 22, 2007 4:28:27 PM

Forget paying! Hardly anyone is paying for cultural products in poor countries. The Indonesian star Inul is an example of how to profit in that environment, give away music and videos, and clean up on concert tickets.

The real question is why people, given the chance to download anything for free (or equal cost thanks to piracy), choose to download foreign cultural material. The obvious reason is because it's entertaining. The popular American movies among young people in China tend to be sci-fi, horror, comic book, and action films (and those movies typically are made with the export market in mind). WWF is popular in the net bars, and lots of young women studying English like Sex in the City. Foreign heavy metal takes up as much space as foreign pop music in record stores.

Another reason why American movies are popular is because Americans produce a lot of movies. It is a dominant form of entertainment in the U.S. and the industry is well developed. Why is European soccer popular? Japanese cartoons?

Korea has been producing a lot of high quality movies for several years now after the Korean government targeted the industry for investment and development.

Posted by: MattC at Feb 22, 2007 4:41:56 PM

The more egalitarian a society, the less important this signaling function becomes.

Can this be right? Assuming people seek status even in egalitarian societies wouldn't they try harder to signal it in small ways - like cultural choices?

And I'm not sure Europe is all that egalitarian anyway. No doubt it is more egalitarian in economic terms than the US, but what about social class, etc.? Is it accurate to say Europe is more egalitarian along those dimensions?

Posted by: bernard Yomtov at Feb 22, 2007 4:55:44 PM

zai writes

As someone who grew up in India, I do see an increased uptake of western ideas in cinema, fast-food, courtship, weekend entertainment, and most other cultural signifiers I can think of.

I would seriously question how much of an uptake each one of your above list really represents and how much of a market this uptake has really captured.

Posted by: Lakshmi Srinivas at Feb 22, 2007 7:14:52 PM

Lizardo's analysis as to egalitarianism ignores the fact that, historically, Europe's aristocracy was far more globalized and trans-national than the lower classes. Witness the intermarriage among elites, the adoption of French as a lingua franca, the dissemination of classical music, the hiring of foreign scholars, etc. Egalitarianism may have facilitated the spread of pop culture, but high culture does not fit that mold.

Posted by: Tom T. at Feb 23, 2007 8:38:23 AM

Speaking of Hollywood exports, isn't Dr. Lizardo the space-alien villain in "Buckaroo Banzai"?

Posted by: Steve Sailer at Feb 23, 2007 2:07:48 PM

Erm. Wouldn't that mean the US is an improvised country because it listens to its own music?

Joking aside, I would think that population size would also increase the probability of a society listens to its own music.

Posted by: __earth at Feb 23, 2007 11:38:29 PM

I have to take issue with issue with your implication that opera and heavy metal are diametrically opposed. Opera is actually very popular among metal fans and lots of metal bands cite opera among their influences (mostly Wagner, but not entirely).

Posted by: FXKLM at Feb 24, 2007 10:22:55 AM


liqingchao 07年8月17日

google排名
google排名
wow gold
wow gold
powerleveling
powerleveling
wow gold
wow gold
powerleveling
powerleveling
wow powerleveling
wow powerleveling
wow power leveling
wow power leveling
wow power level
wow power level
world of warcraft powerleveling
world of warcraft powerleveling
world of warcraft power leveling
world of warcraft power leveling

china tour
china tour
hongkong hotel
hongkong hotel
beijing tour
beijing tour
翻译公司
翻译公司
上海翻译公司
上海翻译公司
北京翻译公司
北京翻译公司
北京搬家公司
北京搬家公司
鼓风机
风机
风机
货架
光盘刻录
光盘刻录
光盘制作
光盘制作
光盘印刷
光盘印刷
红外测温仪
红外测温仪
超声波测厚仪
超声波测厚仪

超声波探伤仪
超声波探伤仪
频闪仪
频闪仪
涂层测厚仪
涂层测厚仪
电火花检测仪
电火花检测仪
google排名
仓库
仓库
仓库出租
仓库出租
物流园区
物流园区
集团电话
集团电话
四环素牙
口腔常识
口腔常识
口腔医生
口腔医生
网站设计
网站设计
多媒体
监控
监控
监控系统
监控系统
门禁
门禁
门禁系统
门禁系统
搬家公司
搬家公司
条码打印机
条码打印机
牙周炎
牙周炎


Posted by: wslmwps at Aug 17, 2007 1:15:28 AM

It is understndable that a large country, with enormous resources and advanced technological advancement; not to mention an ego to match its size would eport large quantities of its culture. America portrays itself as the poverbial "saviour" nation since their emergence as a world power. They have also intended this cultural dominance/ imperialism since the quakers of the early 1900s took the lands of the native americans and colonized the western half of the continent. I doubt however it was imagined at that time that American culture would be so widespread and voraciously demanded by the rest of the world. It is refresing to note that people are begining to realise the irreversible negative effects of American culture on the younger generation, as local, more meaningful cultures have begun to dissappear.

Posted by: Krissi at Mar 31, 2008 1:09:06 PM

大家好,我是臺灣人,從臺灣一個人搬家來到美國,環境很陌生,感覺很孤單。以前在臺灣幾家知名的徵信社工作過,我是一個優秀的徵信工作者,希望早點找到適合自己的工作。希望通過貴站,認識更多的朋友。

Posted by: 謝文豪 at Apr 1, 2008 9:50:02 PM

出会い
チャットレディ
出会い

Posted by: masinn at Aug 28, 2008 1:06:40 AM

aion gold
aion money
cheap aion gold
cheap aion money
buy aion gold


Mabinogi online gold
Mabinogi gold
buy Mabinogi gold
cheap Mabinogi gold
Mabinogi money


2moons dil
2moons gold
buy 2moons dil
2moons dil
cheap 2moons dil


flyff gold
flyff penya
flyff money
buy flyff penya
cheap flyff penya
cheap flyff gold

Dofus kamas
buy Dofus kamas
cheap kamas
Dofus kama
Dofus gold
Dofus money


Knight online gold
Knight Gold
Knight Noah
Knight online Noah

Posted by: aion at Jul 14, 2009 11:26:53 PM

Post a comment