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The Tyranny of the Alphabet
In economics there is a norm that authors are listed alphabetically. The norm is surprisingly strong and deviations are punished. On my first paper with Eric Helland we tossed for first authorship, I won, and we noted the names were listed in random order. Believe it or not, Helland's tenure committee grilled him on this point and as a result we switched to alphabetical ordering on all our subsequent papers. Citation counts, however, are historically assigned only to the first listed author and later listed authors are often buried under the et al. monster.
Do you think these effects are too tiny to matter? Take a look at the Yellow Pages and see how many firms choose A-names, AA-names, and AAA-names. Even more surprisingly, a new paper (free, working version, Winter 06, JEP) demonstrates that these effects have important consequences for careers in economics. Faculty members in top departments with surnames beginning with letters earlier in the alphabet are substantially more likely to be tenured, be fellows of the Econometrics Society, and even win Nobel prizes (let's see, Arrow, Buchanan Coase...hmmm). No such effects are found in psychology where the alphabetical norm is not followed.
I'm delighted that my young co-author, Amanda Agan, has a great career ahead of her but if Helland wins the Nobel I am going to be very annoyed.
It's time to end the tyranny of the alphabet! The AER should announce a name randomization policy unless authors otherwise instruct. Barring that, I wish henceforth be known as Alex Abarrok.
Posted by Alex Tabarrok on April 13, 2006 at 07:16 AM in Economics | Permalink
Comments
Three cheers for prof. Luigi Zingales!
Posted by: Daniel Vasques at Apr 13, 2006 8:07:13 AM
You are completely right! Im always annoyed that when you are writing a paper that the authors are often listend alphabetically. This results in citings that they usually do "author1 et al.".
Hereby I change my name to Arovoost :-D
Posted by: Lee Provoost at Apr 13, 2006 8:13:00 AM
In the Cleveland meto area there are 693052 residences in the phone book. 432839 (62.5%) are in the first half of the alphabet. Are the results weighted like that because more people are in the first half, or have more people picked these names (ellis island name changes ect) because of this effect?
Posted by: Tom at Apr 13, 2006 9:21:23 AM
I, too, have been a Helland coauthor. My last name starts with a "W", so now I coauthor with a guy whose last name begins with a "Y".
Posted by: Andy at Apr 13, 2006 9:27:25 AM
In my field (computational linguistics) the first author is generally the one who is most principally responsible for the work. This has the advantage of giving credit where it is due; but one can conceivably run into issues when there is disagreement over who has earned the honor.
Posted by: wph at Apr 13, 2006 9:32:58 AM
My favorite teacher in junior high school was Mr. Zaccardelli, who did everything "ZYXWVUT". I got to sit in the front row, give my presentation first, and not stare at the back of Paul Welchans' head. I've been teaching my two year old son the alphabet song as "ZYXWVUT" (now I know my ZYXs, let's eat barbecue in Texas)
Posted by: Matt Wells at Apr 13, 2006 9:56:49 AM
In computer science we order the authors according to contribution. In the case of large works with many papers, the first author credit will get traded among those most involved. Either way, it's entirely up to the authors to decide.
We also are different in that our conference proceedings are the more important publications. Journals are too slow for a field like computer science, and they are mostly a means to combine related conference papers into a single, easy reference.
Posted by: Macneil at Apr 13, 2006 10:14:06 AM
Of course these things can be totally random. Until two years ago one of the two or three greatest baseball players of all time was first alphabetically among the thousands and thousands of players.
Posted by: Peter at Apr 13, 2006 11:13:33 AM
I've often wondered how it could be that I've co-authored with:
-John T. Addison
-Sam Bucovetsky
Speaking of initial tyranny, I have learned it is better to use the name John B. Chilton on publications rather than simply John Chilton. The SSCI likes middle initials, but that's not something they taught me at Brown.
Posted by: John B. Chilton at Apr 13, 2006 11:27:36 AM
Alex should write a (single-author) paper on this subject. :-)
Posted by: Michael Hartl at Apr 13, 2006 12:13:41 PM
In medicine, there is the convention that the person with the greatest contribution is first, and that among the rest the principal investigator / lab director / Mikado goes last. The others are listed in the order that the cat dragged them in. Listing in order of contribution would be better.
Posted by: Bill Gardner at Apr 13, 2006 12:38:16 PM
More evidence that giving up on that Econ PhD was a fantastic idea ;)
Posted by: Noah Yetter at Apr 13, 2006 2:05:59 PM
Wouldn't randomization remove the potential for gains from trade? Under the status quo, Aaron Aardvark can offer Zenon Zygmont first billing, in return for more work on the piece. Why not allow authors to designate who is primary and who is secondary, so that Zygmont could offer the same trade in reverse?
Tyler Cowen
Posted by: Tyler Cowen at Apr 13, 2006 2:07:23 PM
It doesn't make sense to blow-up someone's house and then say that there is gains in trade between bereft consumers and house builders. Under the current status quo people with surnames beginning with letters later in the alphabet are penalized. If we have randomization as a default then we could have gains from trade which is exactly why I said that we ought to have randomization unless the authors otherwise indicate.
Posted by: Alex Tabarrok at Apr 13, 2006 2:21:16 PM
I like Tyler's idea. But henceforth I'll be using Aaron Aardvark
on journal submissions.
I recall a few years ago Paul McCartney made an issue about Beatles' songs
credited to "Lennon & McCartney." Was that merely an issue about ego or were
there monetary considerations? What is the standard in music composition?
Posted by: Zenon Zygmont at Apr 13, 2006 2:46:46 PM
I seem to recall an anecdote from a George Will column about how the Democrats randomized the roll call of the states at their national convention circa 1972 to address alphabeticalism. I can't confirm whether that's true.
Posted by: RH at Apr 13, 2006 2:53:29 PM
To modify what Macneil said, in *parts* of computer science we order authors by contribution. In theoretical computer science, it's almost always alphabetical. I did a quick calculation for ACM fellows and Turing Award winners, and the results are interesting: a 60-40 skew for first half vs second half of the alphabet.
Posted by: Suresh at Apr 13, 2006 2:57:17 PM
Suresh (at Apr 13, 2006 2:57:17 PM):
What proportion of theoretical computer scientists are from Cleveland? I ask because your '60-40 skew' matches that statistics that Tom (at Apr 13, 2006 9:21:23 AM) mentioned about Cleveland, so it's not immediately clear that this skew is due to bias in making awards or in the authors are ordered on papers.
Posted by: paul at Apr 13, 2006 4:12:55 PM
That's fascinating. In my field (science) authors are listed in order of contribution. If your name is first, it's assumed that it's principally your work. In fact, when it comes to evaluation of your publication record, papers on which you are the first author count for the most. The system of putting the person who was the biggest contributor first is used as a way of assessing how much you've really done in the field. A name-randomization or alphabetical system would seem to make that difficult.
Posted by: LisaMarie at Apr 13, 2006 4:52:58 PM
God helps those who help themselves. Put another way, before invoking regulation, you ought to show that there is a market failure. You have a very simple solution at hand: Write sole-authored papers.
Posted by: Steve Bainbridge at Apr 13, 2006 7:08:01 PM
An amusing look at how authors are ordered in engineering.
Posted by: Chris at Apr 13, 2006 9:16:22 PM
I'm changing my last name to Zzpalmer. Many people who come earlier in the alphabet should be willing to pay good money or do lots more work to have me as a co-author.
Posted by: EclectEcon at Apr 13, 2006 9:20:09 PM
"...Democrats randomized the roll call of the states at their national convention circa 1972 to address alphabeticalism..."
It's difficult to parody political correctness, but I'm guessing this is not true.
Posted by: David Andersen at Apr 13, 2006 9:21:14 PM
Then again:
"In Montgomery County, Maryland, a school district policy urges principals and teachers to consider alternatives to arranging students by alphabetical order. The policy was introduced in 1981 by a school board member named Eleanor Zappone who didn't want her daughter to be the last to get her diploma."
Posted by: David Andersen at Apr 13, 2006 9:25:26 PM
I am too cheap to pay $3.95 for the article, but if you search the New York Times archive for the terms "national convention" and "alphabetical order," you should find this abstract from 1/12/1971: "WASHINGTON, June 11 -- The Democratic National Convention of 1972 will ban all floor demonstrations and lengthy speeches, shake up the traditional alphabetical roll-call and make the nomination of favorite-son candidates all but impossible." I haven't been able to find the George Will article, but I'm fairly sure he wrote that anti-alphabetism had something to do with it.
Posted by: RH at Apr 13, 2006 10:31:28 PM
In Carl Djerassi's novel about biology researchers, "Cantor's Dilemma," there is a (sympathetic) character named Jean Ardley who changed her name from Yardley at the beginning of her research career to avoid permanent last place on author lists. In the afterword Djerassi mentions this tidbit is based on an actual person.
In my field (astrophysics) the first author is usually supposed to have done the bulk of the work in writing that paper. What happens after that depends on the authors, but in the increasing number of collaborations with 10-20 authors, often you have 3-6 people who actually did most of the work in front and then a bunch of people (who gathered the data, etc) who are less directly involved behind, in alphabetical order. This may disadvantage end-of-the-alphabet suckers, but the flipside is that beyond about 3rd author nobody cares and order doesn't matter since you effectively get no credit for the work you did put in. (Unless you get far enough to have a tenure committee and they just count total number of papers.)
Posted by: Benjamin Weiner at Apr 14, 2006 2:25:04 AM
Some associations use random order of names on ballots. The reason, I think, is that in associations (like alumni organizations or associations like the AEA board) you are often voting blind if you bother to vote at all. Random order at least means that the high qualified Dr. Zeuss has
a chance of winning.
I presume you'd find there has been a bias in victory towards those who are listed first in such circumstances.
Scrambling of names is also used in some voting districts in the US. Same reasoning.
I'm not so convinced that it is laughable to use random order in public roll call votes (of states or otherwise) - doesn't it matter in some cases where you are in the order?
Posted by: John B. Chilton at Apr 14, 2006 6:06:11 AM
It might be easier to get the citing counter to work out who the "et al" people are, and award them accordingly.
Posted by: Douglas at Apr 14, 2006 7:35:06 AM
It is ironic that a discipline where the word "rational" gets over used is subjecting itself to this kind of seemingly arbitrary convention. Is the existing situation rational? It is clearly an equilibrium, and it is clearly Pareto efficient (Aaron Aardvark would be harmed by a change) but Zenon Zygmont could improve things for him/herself by agitating for change. Or is it the case that economists' prejudice in favour of "exit" over "voice" is determining the outcome.
Posted by: tom @ whimsley at Apr 14, 2006 10:44:11 AM
Now check the Cleveland business directory (admittedly more effort is required than for the residential one) Note how many service business which people call on impulse - locksmiths, plumbers and the like - are concentrated at the very front. I've thought it would be amusing to operate such a business as "Triple A" alphebetized under T, but I'm not sure enough people would appreciate the effort.
Posted by: triticale at Apr 15, 2006 9:48:00 PM
Alex Abarrok ? If these effects are real, I would change my name in an instant. You can count what the premium on a good name is.
A single man cannot change the society (unless his name is Jesus), so your cry for alphabetical justice won't achieve anything.
Posted by: Mr G. at Apr 16, 2006 1:31:22 PM
AACSB was just at my school for its final review.
They were very concerned about whether my name (Tufte) was first on papers. I explained at length that I was instructed in graduate school to go alphabetically, and that one university I worked at actually required it.
I have about 15 journal publications and am listed first on only one (with Mark Wohar).
Posted by: David Tufte at Apr 16, 2006 3:23:26 PM
I have also noticed that my Bloglines subscriptions are heavily biased towards the beginning of the alphabet: A Constrained Vision, A Fistful of Euros, Angry Bear, Aplia Blog, Asymmetrical Information and so on.
I guess I should have titled (or should retitle) mine A Voluntaryxchange.
Posted by: David Tufte at Apr 16, 2006 3:25:19 PM
"I recall a few years ago Paul McCartney made an issue about Beatles' songs
credited to "Lennon & McCartney." Was that merely an issue about ego or were
there monetary considerations?"
As far as I know, Paul & John decided between themselves to credit most of their songs to "Lennon & McCartney" except when one or the other's contribution was greater. IIRC, Yoko Ono much later wanted ALL of the Beatles' oeuvre to be re-credited to "Lennon & McCartney", which was what caused the ruckus. To the best of my knowledge, there is no standard in the music biz. After all, we have "Simon & Garfunkel" and "Rodgers & Hammerstein" (reverse alpha order) as well as "Brooks & Dunn" :)
My favorite scientific credit story involves the physicists who only decided to write an article so that they could be credited as "Alpher, Bethe and Gamow" :)
Posted by: J Alabi at Apr 18, 2006 2:45:07 PM
The Canadian Counter Tenor living in the UAE sent me this link,
http://chronicle.com/daily/2006/04/2006042001j.htm,
Extract: "A glance at the spring issue of The Journal of Economic Perspectives: "Alphabetical discrimination" in economics ... The authors call their findings an example of "alphabetical discrimination," and suggest that the phenomenon stems from the discipline's norm of crediting co-authors of publications alphabetically. They say the practice may be affecting tenure at top programs because 'lower-ranked departments put more weight on vitae and publication counts, while top departments care more about visibility and impact. Surname initials may be more important for the latter.'
"They note that in disciplines like psychology, in which co-authors are listed according to their contribution, rather than alphabetically, there is no relationship between last names and tenure."
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